By Jock Hoffman, CRICO
For all the good they promise for health care, electronic medical
records (EMRs) have yet to demonstrate a profound impact on patient
safety. Health care providers who resist
or merely tolerate paperless systems are unlikely to capitalize on
secondary components that could alert them to hidden risks. But even for
clinicians who embrace their EMR, the benefit of reducing errors, and
by extension patient harm, remains elusive. Nevertheless, patient safety
experts see enormous potential in both the point-of-care opportunities
for avoiding errors and the broader value of data aggregated from
appropriately designed systems.
Today, the EMR that some envision
may be mere fantasy, but physicians, patient safety experts, and
patients need to put forward ideas that will enable designers to meet
that potential. Ideally, an EMR should help the clinician in the office
or at the bedside focus on the immediate concern while keeping him or
her fully apprised of the patient’s history. And rather than dictate the diagnostic process or care plan, an EMR should support the clinician’s decision-making:
- linking to evidence-based guidelines and protocols
- identifying potential risks
- ensuring that critical patient information is communicated, received, and acted upon
Behind the scenes, an EMR designed to reduce the risk of patient harm
should enable health care leaders and researchers to mine the database
for trends that signal the need for education, training, or systems
adjustments.
Certainly that is a tall order. Commercial vendors need to see a return
on investment; providers want ease of use; and, more and more, patients
expect to be engaged
with both their physician and their medical information. CRICO and its
constituents have stepped up the challenge through a provocative video
and a series of demonstration projects currently underway that should
influence this evolving technology. But we expect that the best ideas
will come from everyday EMR users who want a better EMR in their future.
Additional Material
Original Source, Strategies for Patient Safety
By Jock Hoffman, CRICO
While Obamacare is the ultimate political Frisbee, a different set
of laws—about breast cancer screening —may soon have physicians’ heads
spinning.
To date, five states1 have enacted some form of legal requirement that the significant percentage2
of women with dense breasts be apprised of the limitations of
radiographic mammography and informed of alternate or adjunct imaging
options. Now, in addition to having to help patients navigate
conflicting studies about the when of screening, providers also have to
guide patients through the how. Even in states (including Massachusetts)
where such laws are not in place, physicians should be prepared to
address this emerging aspect of breast care with an eye toward patient
safety.
Radiologists and primary care physicians (PCPs) are trying to
determine what to write and what to say to patients that is both legally
compliant and reflective of appropriate care. The biggest challenge is
the lack
of clinical evidence that screening alternatives for women with dense
breasts, i.e., whole breast ultrasound and MRI, are beneficial.
Providers have to convey to patients both sides of the potential consequences
of additional screening without increasing their own risk of being
deemed liable for a missed or delayed breast cancer diagnosis.
Given that patients—especially women who have a screening
mammogram—have increased access to their medical records and reports,
radiologists and PCPs will do well to coordinate their breast density
messaging. Wording
the information about density in the mammogram report to help the PCP
frame the patient discussion (about screening options) will reduce
tension between providers. Along with the foundation of evidence-based
care, clearly documenting what was discussed, and the patient’s
expressed plan (if any) for subsequent imaging will be a strong defense
for PCPs whose standard of care is later questioned.
While the breast density issue has received considerable attention,
malpractice cases related to breast cancer more frequently involve the
mismanagement of symptomatic patients than insufficient screening.3
Capturing and updating patient and family histories, and following
breast complaints to resolution will best position physicians to provide
optimal care that can be defended against allegations of diagnostic
missteps. To that end, CRICO’s Breast Care Management Algorithm offers PCPs a clear course of best practices that balance evidence-based care with practical risk management recommendations.
Additional Materials
References
- California, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, Texas
- The relationship of mammographic density and age: implications for breast cancer screening
- Process of Care Failures in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Original Source, Strategies for Patient Safety
By Jock Hoffman, CRICO
The shortage of
primary care physicians (PCP) in the U.S., paired with the drive to
lower costs, is challenging access to health care. One idea increasingly
advocated is granting greater responsibility and independence for the burgeoning population of nurse practitioners (NP). Scope-of-practice laws vary widely by state—from tight restriction to full independence. Physicians opposed to full independence argue, however, that that solution will bring the level of care those patients receive below a tolerable standard.
Is this just a turf battle or a patient safety debate?
Unfortunately, any focus on potential risks posed by mid-level
providers’ (NPs, physician assistants, etc.) detracts attention from
their predominately positive role in patient safety. In conjunction with
increasing access to care, non-physicians are often able to perform
tasks that physicians too short on time simply can’t get to: updating
histories, checking medication compliance, listening to secondary
complaints, providing education, etc. These activities clearly enhance
the quality of care—especially in communities with PCP shortages. Those
interactions also reduce the likelihood of miscommunication, missed
appointments, fumbled test results, unresolved complaints, and myriad
other issues that often presage an adverse event and a malpractice
allegation.
Certainly, a patient whose needs exceed the capabilities, comfort
level, or authority of a non-physician should be seen by a physician as
soon as possible. Establishing and enforcing the criteria for such
escalations is essential to protect both patients and providers. Indeed,
those criteria are the focus of the debate about whether or not
expanding the practice scope of mid-level providers increases their
patients’ vulnerability to misdiagnosis or mismanaged treatment.
Whatever rules are in place, not all patients will fully comprehend
the capabilities or limits of a non-physician they see in their doctor’s
exam room or the Emergency Department or an in-store
clinic. Quickly and sincerely addressing the concerns of such patients
will help reduce misaligned expectations. Of course, mid-level providers
are not immune to being named in malpractice claims, and those who
supervise them, generally speaking, will also be held accountable for
their care.
CRICO’s data indicate that since 2002, 75 malpractice claims or suits
cases named 83 NPs or PAs as defendants,* a rate of about one defendant
per 200 practitioners per year. Analysis of those 75 cases indicates
that inadequate supervision of the mid-level providers was identified in
19 (25%). The average incurred loss for cases involving mid-level
provider defendants was $330,000.
Supervising physicians are obliged to know (and share) what risks
these arrangements may pose to their patients and practice. Mid-level
providers without independent access to patient safety-related education
will be reliant on their colleagues and supervising MDs for alerting
them to common hazards and practice-specific concerns. As with most
learning situations, point-of-care guidance and training will have a
longer-lasting impact. Physicians and those they supervise who establish
in situ opportunities to address known or potential risks will likely
fare better than those who leave this to chance or individual
motivation.
*Mid-level provider defendants who are employed by a CRICO-insured
organization receive the same level of coverage and full complement of
benefits afforded to CRICO-insured physicians.
Additional Materials
Original Source, Strategies for Patient Safety
By Jock Hoffman, CRICO
Carving out time for patient safety education and training is a
challenge. The pressures of day-to-day practice can detract your time
and attention …until something bad happens—to a colleague, or in your
own practice. Of course, physicians who do find the time to learn how to
reduce their risk of patient harm and an allegation of malpractice, are more likely to avoid those circumstances.
In Massachusetts*, CRICO’s philosophy is reinforced by the Board
of Registration in Medicine’s Continuing Professional Development
(formerly Continuing Medical Education/CME) requirements, which dictate specific education categories, including risk management study:
Physicians must accrue 10 credits of risk management study
every two years. Four credits must be in Category 1. The additional six
credits may be in Category 1 or Category 2 risk management study.
Risk management study must include instruction in
medical malpractice such as patient safety and loss prevention.
Activities that meet these criteria may include courses in quality
assurance, bioethics, end-of-life care studies, opioid and pain
management, as well as non-economic aspects of practice management. All
of CRICO’s CME activities are designed to be suitable for risk
management study, including our newest publication, Insight and our podcasts. CRICO’s most recent issue, Insight into Communication Challenges,
offers actionable data, expertise, and personal physician perspectives
on this universal area of risk. The Massachusetts Board of Registration
in Medicine has endorsed Insight and our podcasts for Category 1 credit.
As a CRICO-insured physician, you can find help meeting these requirements through our website.
CRICO is proud to be accredited by the Accreditation Council for
Continuing Medical Education. We work side-by-side with a network of
Harvard experts to develop activities designed to help you decrease
patient harm. Of course, the Risk Management or Patient Safety departments at the hospitals and other organizations you work with—or for—also offer opportunities for CME and Risk Management credits.
No matter where you chose to go for quality patient safety and risk
management education and training, it is certain to beat trial and
error.
Additional Material
By Jock Hoffman, CRICO
As we encourage patients to be more engaged,
we may also see more who go beyond assertive to demanding care
unsupported by good clinical judgment. Understandably, physicians worry
that saying “no” to a patient increases their risk of being disliked,
dismissed, or even sued for medical malpractice. But the right mix of
clinical judgment, bedside manner, and documentation can help take the
“maybe” out of saying no to a request for unnecessary—or unsafe—testing
or treatment.
More transparency in health care means patients are more aware of
options for screening, testing, procedures, and medications—often via
direct campaigns. The advent of social media further expands the spread
of both legitimate and untrustworthy
health care information. Thus, an anxious or desperate patient may ask
for something about which they have heard or read, e.g., an MRI after a
negative mammogram, a better drug for acid reflux, a cesarean section
scheduled for convenience, an experimental procedure “like on House,
MD.” In the face of such requests, maintaining an effective patient
relationship, practicing appropriate care, and heeding the pressure to
control cost—can be a real challenge.
If your clinical judgment is to say no, then saying yes—because it is
easier, faster, less of a hassle—may pose hazards to both you and your
patient. Even relatively benign procedures can carry the risk of
unintended consequences. For example: changing a medication regimen can
destabilize a patient's health; a “convenience” delivery before 39-weeks
gestation may violate clinical guidelines
(or hospital policy); experimental procedures (even those from the real
world) are the purview of those physicians working to perfect a new
technique with patients selected via exacting criteria—not just foot
stomping.
Explaining to a patient the reasons behind “no” takes time and
patience. But thoughtfully discussing and documenting such requests will
improve your chances of maintaining good rapport and leave you less
vulnerable to an allegation of malpractice than if your refusal is curt,
dismissive, or poorly documented. Listening with respect to what the
patient's aunt or neighbor or favorite blogger has suggested gives you
an opportunity to respond with your own expertise and reasoning. Such conversations
also provide an opportunity to elicit suppressed concerns and a chance
to assure the patient that he or she is part of the process. Noting in
the record a) what the patient requested b) your rationale for denying
that request, and c) what you recommended instead, gives you, the
patient, and subsequent providers context for future requests and
decision making.
Of course, crossing your t’s and dotting your i’s after saying no
doesn’t mean a disgruntled patient won’t pursue a complaint—that’s
beyond your control. But if the complaint is in the form of a
malpractice allegation, then your medical professional liability insurer
will have such claims assessed by medical experts
in your specialty. Their opinion will be based on their own experience,
the prevailing standard of care, and your notes. To that end, a
properly documented decision based on solid clinical judgment and
matched by the practice of your peers is the best support for your
decision to say no.
Additional Material
Original Source, Strategies for Patient Safety
By Jock Hoffman, CRICO
The health care community is experiencing increasing tension between proponents
of evidence-based decision making and dissent driven by provider habits
and patient expectations. Exhibit A is any proposal to scale back
cancer screenings: even those recommendations based on a preponderance
of evidence now instantly face a barrage of counter proposals. Debates
about annual mammograms for women under 50, routine PSA testing, and Pap
tests are just the beginning. Physicians, especially in primary care,
find themselves on the horns of a dilemma: amidst the uproar generated
by political factions, medical societies, patient advocates, and
conspiracy theorists, physicians may well wonder, “Whose advice do I
follow?”
Decision Support from a Malpractice Insurer
Since 1995, CRICO has published and promoted decision support guides
for managing patients through the screening and diagnostic process,
initially for breast cancer, later for colorectal and prostate cancer.
Along with representing three of the four most commonly occurring
cancers, these (plus lung cancer) are those most commonly involved in
failure to diagnose malpractice claims.
CRICO’s primary goal is to help primary care providers assess a
patient’s risk status and need for screening, and to appropriately
manage complaints or symptoms that may indicate the presence of cancer.
In tandem with the risk assessment, the key components of CRICO’s
decision support tools are:
- age and risk stratified screening and intervals between tests;
- recommended steps in response to complaints, symptoms, or abnormal test results;
- triggers for specialty referrals; and
- tips for test results management, coordination of care, and documentation.
To validate its advice for clinical practice, CRICO relies on
accordance between clinical experts from Harvard-affiliated health care
organizations, public agencies, professional societies (and their
respective guidelines), and widely accepted research studies. CRICO’s
process is designed to anchor recommendations in evidence that
withstands time and scrutiny. Each decision support tool is reviewed
every 18–24 months and revised (if necessary) in conjunction with new
evidence and changes in health care delivery practices. In the interim
periods, our expert panels review the literature to determine if they
merit provisional communication with our insured physicians.
CRICO has found that experts from primary care and specialists who
are committed to evidence-based practice develop recommendations that
are credible and practical, especially those that frame the patient’s
decision to undergo testing and those that guide the PCP’s decision to
refer.
Additional Material
Original Source, Strategies for Patient Safety
By Jock Hoffman, CRICO
Through the lens of medical malpractice, the efficacy of PSA testing
is only a sidebar to the factors that prompted someone to allege a
missed diagnosis of prostate cancer. Most often, such cases hinge on how
the test results and the patient were managed by the patient’s primary
care provider (PCP) once PSA testing was initiated. In some instances,
the patient was unaware that a PSA test had been ordered or uniformed of
the results (or both). Here are some recent CRICO data.
While the debate about PSA testing continues to generate recommendations and counter recommendations,
PCPs can look to a couple of recently closed CRICO malpractice cases
for practical lessons that can reduce the likelihood of being sued by
patients who contend their prostate cancer diagnosis was missed or
delayed.
Of course, it should all begin with a physician-patient discussion about
testing. But once the decision to test has begun, PCPs cannot afford to
leave the follow-up tasks to memory, other providers, or the patient.
Malpractice case studies present an important opportunity for providers
to learn by exploring what went right, what went wrong, and what could
have been done differently. Staff from CRICO’s Patient Safety Department
continually select and develop case studies (of closed claims or
lawsuits) that offer teaching opportunities. More than 80 such case
studies are available on the CRICO web site. Clinician facilitators who
choose to incorporate abstracts from malpractice claims into their
clinical presentations may want to read the suggestions offered in Ten Tips for Presenting Closed Claims Abstracts for Grand Rounds.
Additional Material
Original Source, Strategies for Patient Safety
